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In humans, the main task of the elbow is to properly place the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper limb. While the superior radioulnar joint shares joint capsule with the elbow joint, it plays no functional role at the elbow. [7]

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Preventing tennis elbow

Brachialis acts exclusively as an elbow flexor and is one of the few muscles in the human body with a single function. It originates low on the anterior side of the humerus and is inserted into the tuberosity of the ulna. Dimon, T. (2011). The Body of Motion: its Evolution and Design (pp. 39-42). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. Lee, YJ; Han, D; Koh, YH; Zo, JH; Kim, SH; Kim, DK; Lee, JS; Moon, HJ; Kim, JS; Chun, EJ; Youn, BJ; Lee, CH; Kim, SS (February 2008). "Adult sail sign: radiographic and computed tomographic features". Acta Radiologica. 49 (1): 37–40. doi: 10.1080/02841850701675677. PMID 18210313. S2CID 2031763. Tennis elbow is usually caused by overusing the muscles attached to your elbow and used to straighten your wrist. If the muscles are strained, tiny tears and inflammation can develop near the bony lump (the lateral epicondyle) on the outside of your elbow. Elbow pain occurs when the tenderness of the tissues in the elbow become inflamed. Frequent exercise of the inflamed elbow will assist with healing.

Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982). The Physiology of the Joints: Volume One Upper Limb (5thed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone.

The function of the elbow joint is to extend and flex the arm grasp and reach for objects. [18] The range of movement in the elbow is from 0 degrees of elbow extension to 150 degrees of elbow flexion. [19] Muscles contributing to function are all flexion ( biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) and extension muscles ( triceps and anconeus). Soames, Roger (2018). "2 - Upper limb". Anatomy and Human Movement E-Book: Structure and function (7ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p.102. ISBN 978-0-702-07259-8. Rest is the primary intervention for this injury. Ice, pain medication, steroid injections, strengthening exercises, and avoiding any aggravating activities can also help. Surgery is a last resort, and rarely used. Exercises should focus on strengthening and stretching the forearm, and utilizing proper form when performing movements. [37] Rheumatoid arthritis [ edit ]

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that affects joints. It is very common in the wrist, and is most common at the radioulnar joint. It results in pain, stiffness, and deformities. A crescent-shaped fold is commonly present between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus. [8]Tennis elbow is a common condition that affects about 1-3% of the population (about 4 to 7 cases per 1000) every year. Golfer's elbow is very similar to tennis elbow, but less common. It is caused by overuse and repetitive motions like a golf swing. It can also be caused by trauma. Wrist flexion and pronation (rotating of the forearm) causes irritation to the tendons near the medial epicondyle of the elbow. [36] It can cause pain, stiffness, loss of sensation, and weakness radiating from the inside of the elbow to the fingers. Brachioradialis acts essentially as an elbow flexor but also supinates during extreme pronation and pronates during extreme supination. It originates at the lateral supracondylar ridge distally on the humerus and is inserted distally on the radius at the styloid process. These folds or plicae are remnants of normal embryonic development and can be categorized as either anterior (anterior humeral recess) or posterior (olecranon recess). [9] Gossage, James; Bultitude, Matthew; Corbett, Steven; Burnand, Katherine; Lahiri, Rajiv (2021). Browse's Introduction to the Symptoms & Signs of Surgical Disease (6ed.). CRC Press. p.29. doi: 10.1201/9780429447891. ISBN 978-0-429-44789-1.

Steel, F; Tomlinson, J (1958). "The 'carrying angle' in man". Journal of Anatomy. 92 (2): 315–7. PMC 1249704. PMID 13525245. First line pain management techniques include the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory oral medicines. These help to reduce inflammation, pressure, and irritation of the nerve and around the nerve. Other simple fixes include learning more ergonomically friendly habits that can help prevent nerve impingement and irritation in the future. Protective equipment can also be very helpful. Examples of this include a protective elbow pad, and an arm splint. More serious cases often involve surgery, in which the nerve or the surrounding tissue is moved to relieve the pressure. Recovery from surgery can take awhile, but the prognosis is often a good one. Recovery often includes movement restrictions, and range of motion activities, and can last a few months (cubital and radial tunnel syndrome, 2). If the GP thinks the pain is due to nerve damage, further tests, such as an ultrasound scan or an MRI scan, may be done. Treating tennis elbow A non-invasive treatment for pain management is rest. If achieving rest is an issue, a wrist brace can also be worn. This keeps the wrist in flexion, thereby relieving the extensor muscles and allowing rest. Ice, heat, ultrasound, steroid injections, and compression can also help alleviate pain. After the pain has been reduced, exercise therapy is important to prevent injury in the future. Exercises should be low velocity, and weight should increase progressively. [34] Stretching the flexors and extensors is helpful, as are strengthening exercises. Massage can also be useful, focusing on the extensor trigger points. [35] Golfer's elbow [ edit ] The now obsolete length unit ell relates closely to the elbow. This becomes especially visible when considering the Germanic origins of both words, Elle (ell, defined as the length of a male forearm from elbow to fingertips) and Ellbogen (elbow). It is unknown when or why the second "l" was dropped from English usage of the word. [ citation needed] The ell as in the English measure could also be taken to come from the letter L, being bent at right angles, as an elbow. [40] The ell as a measure was taken as six handbreadths; three to the elbow and three from the elbow to the shoulder. [41] Another measure was the cubit (from cubital). This was taken to be the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. [42] Other primates [ edit ]

When to see a GP

It often happens after overuse or repeated action of the muscles of the forearm, near the elbow joint. We are often asked why malleable iron fittings are so popular. Malleable iron fittings are heavier than standard pipe fittings; they have good thermal expansion and vibration damping properties and do not break during assembly. Malleable iron fittings at your door in no time MacAuley, D., & Best, T. (Eds.). (2008). Evidence-Based Sports Medicine. Chichester, GBR: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com