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Chambers JV. The microbiology of Milk and Milk products. In: Robinson RK, editor. Dairy microbiology handbook. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2002. p. 39–90. Schreiner DA, Ruegg PL. Relationship between udder and leg hygiene scores and subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 2003;86:3460–5. The geometric mean of CPS in bulk milk in the present study was 2.97 log cfu/ml, which is with in the EC limit for raw cow's milk. Raw cow’s milk intended for direct human consumption must have S. aureus count of < 2,000 cfu/ml, which makes milk in 32% of studied farms unsafe for raw consumption [ 47]. This may present a risk for staphylococcal food poisoning, as raw milk is widely consumed in Ethiopia [ 29, 30, 31]. Nearly comparable CPS was reported in Greece [ 70], while a higher count was reported in other parts of Ethiopia [ 55, 71, 72] and Brazil [ 15]. However, lower counts were reported from Ireland [ 49] and Portugal [ 73]. In the final model, CPS was significantly higher in teats cleaned with cold water than in those cleaned with warm water, and this agrees with a previous report [ 49]. Adequate premilking teat sanitation reduces the load of bacteria on teats and ensures the production of high-quality milk [ 7, 12]. Most intramammary antibiotics are designed to be effective against most common mastitis pathogens, but some have a narrow spectrum. Systemic antibiotics tend to have a narrower spectrum. So determining antibiotics to use for first-line should be based on a thorough understanding of the main pathogens on your farm. This is critical to the development of your mastitis SOP; input from your veterinarian is essential in determining the most appropriate antibiotics to use on your farm. True antibiotic failure is a rare cause of poor treatment response. Amentie T, Eshetu M, Mekasha Y, Kebede A. Milk postharvest handling practices across the supply chain in eastern Ethiopia. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2016;3:112–26.
Yes, it sure is! The pH level of our moisturisers is balanced to 5.5, which is similar to human skin. Essentially, pH can be measured from 0 to 14 depending on how acidic or alkaline a substance is. Since our skin sits at a pH of about 5.5, it’s slightly acidic. Healthy skin can retain moisture, maintain a robust microbiome and keep irritants away. We of course want to support this, so using creams that are pH balanced to match our skin is one of the best ways to do this. Council Directive 92/46/EEC. Laying down the health rules for the production and placing on the market of raw milk, heat- treated milk and milk-based products. 2004.Marshall JC, Soboleva TK, Jamieson P, French NP. Estimating bacterial pathogen levels in New Zealand bulk tank milk. J Food Prot. 2016;79:771–80.
European Commission. Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004. Laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin. Off J Eur Union. 2004:22–82.Tarekgne E, Skeie S, Rudi K, Skjerdal T, Narvhus JA. Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus species in milk and milk products from Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Afr J Food Sci. 2015;9:567–76.
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